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Template:Use dmy dates Template:Other uses Template:Infobox person Sampooran Singh Kalra (born 18 August 1934), known popularly by his pen name Gulzar, is an Indian poet, lyricist and director.[1] He primarily writes in Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) and Punjabi; besides several dialects of Hindi such as Braj Bhasha, Khariboli, Haryanvi and Marwari.

Gulzar was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 2004 for his contribution to the arts and the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2002. He has won a number of National Film Awards and 20 Filmfare Awards. At the 81st Academy Awards, he won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Jai Ho" (shared with A.R.Rahman), for the film Slumdog Millionaire. On 31 January 2010, the same song won him a Grammy Award in the category of Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.

Gulzar's poetry is partly published in three compilations: Chand Pukhraaj Ka, Raat Pashminey Ki and Pandrah Paanch Pachattar (15-05-75). His short stories are published in Raavi-paar (also known as Dustkhat in Pakistan) and Dhuan (smoke).

As a lyricist, Gulzar is best known for his association with the music directors Rahul Dev Burman, A. R. Rahman and Vishal Bhardwaj. He has also worked with other leading Bollywood music directors including Sachin Dev Burman, Salil Chowdhury, Shankar Jaikishan, Hemant Kumar, Laxmikant-Pyarelal, Madan Mohan, Rajesh Roshan, Anu Malik, and Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy. Along with lyrics, he has also contributed in many films as script, story and dialogue writer. Films directed by him have also won numerous awards and have been critically acclaimed. He also had worked on small screen by creating series Mirza Ghalib and Tahreer Munshi Premchand ki among others. He wrote lyrics for several Doordarshan serials including Hello Zindagi, Potli Baba ki and Jungle Book.

Early life[edit | edit source]

Gulzar was born in a Kalra Arora Sikh family, to Makhan Singh Kalra and Sujan Kaur, in Dina, Jhelum District, British India, in what is now Pakistan. Before becoming an established writer, Sampooran worked in Mumbai as a car mechanic in a garage.[2] His father rebuked him from becoming a writer saying "As a writer you will have to depend on your brothers".[3] He took the pen name Gulzar Deenvi after becoming an author.

Career[edit | edit source]

Gulzar is best known in India as a lyricist for songs that form an integral part of Bollywood. He began his career under the directors Bimal Roy and Hrishikesh Mukherjee. His book Ravi Paar has a narrative of Bimal Roy and the agony of creation. Gulzar started his career as a songwriter with the music director Sachin Dev Burman for the movie Bandini (1963).[4] Shailendra who has penned rest of the songs of the movie urged Gulzar to write the song "Mora Gora Ang Layle". This was picturised on Nutan.

File:Gulzar with RD Burman.jpg
Gulzar with his close friend and composer Rahul Dev Burman
File:Gulzar and Jaya Bachchan.jpg
Gulzar and Jaya Bachchan at funeral of Hrishikesh Mukherjee

Gulzar's most successful songs as a lyricist came out from his association with Sachin Dev Burman's son Rahul Dev Burman, whom he described as the anchor in his life.[5]

Gulzar has had award-winning associations with the music directors Salil Chowdhury (Anand, Mere Apne), Madan Mohan (Mausam) and more recently with Vishal Bhardwaj (Maachis, Omkara, Kaminey), A. R. Rahman (Dil Se.., Guru, Slumdog Millionaire, Raavan) and Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy (Bunty aur Babli).

Gulzar was a song writer or dialogue writer for several Doordarshan programmes for kids such as Jungle Book, Alice in Wonderland, Guchche and Potli Baba Ki with Vishal Bhardwaj. He has more recently written and narrated for the children's audiobook series Karadi Tales.[6] For the peace campaign (Aman ki Asha) jointly started by India's and Pakistan's leading media houses, he wrote the anthem "Nazar Main Rehte Ho", which was recorded by Shankar Mahadevan and Rahat Fateh Ali Khan.[7]

Gulzar has written ghazals for Ghazal Maestro Jagjit Singh's albumbs "Marasim" and "Koi Baat Chale". Both these albums were a great success.

As director[edit | edit source]

After writing dialogues and screenplay for films like Aashirwad, Anand, Khamoshi and more, Gulzar directed his first film Mere Apne(1971). The film was a remake of Tapan Sinha's Bengali film Apanjan(1969). Meena Kumari played the lead role of Anandi Devi, an old widow caught in between the local fights of unemployed & tormented youngsters. Anandi Devi's death in one of the fights makes them realize the futility of violence. The film was rated "Above Average" at the Box Office.[8] He then directed Parichay and Koshish. Parichay was based on a Bengali novel, Rangeen Uttarain by Raj Kumar Maitra[9] and inspired from the Hollywood film The Sound of Music. Written by Gulzar, Koshish told a story full of struggle of a deaf-dumb couple. Sanjeev Kumar won National Film Award for Best Actor for his performance in it.[10] Year 1973 saw his another directorial venture named Achanak. Inspired by the real-life sensational 1958 murder case KM Nanavati v State of Maharashtra,[11] the story writer K.A. Abbas earned a Filmfare nomination for Best Story.

Gulzar's Aandhi, based on the Hindi novel "Kaali Aandhi" by Kamleshwar, told a story of a couple separated against the backdrop of politics. Along with various wins and nominations, the film also won Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie. Although believed to be based on the life of Ex-Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, the film was based on life of Tarkeshwari Sinha.[12] However in the 1975's emergency, the film was banned from theatres.[9] Inspired from Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay's Pandit Mashay was his next film Khushboo. Mausam that won National Award for 2nd Best Feature Film,[13] Filmfare Best Movie and Filmfare Best Director awards, along with other six Filmfare nominations was loosely

based on the story "Weather", from the novel, The Judas Tree, by A.J. Cronin. Sharmila Tagore for her roles of Chanda and Kajli received The Silver Lotus Award at the 23rd National Film Festival. In his 1982's film Angoor, Gulzar took the story of Shakespeare's play The Comedy of Errors.

None of the Gulzar's film were "Blockbuster Hits" on the Indian Box Office. His films told stories of human relationships entangled in social issues. Libaas was a story of extra-marital affair of an urban couple. Due to its objectionable subject the film never got released in India.[14] Mausam pictured a story of a father who tries to improve the life of his prostitute-daughter. In Maachis, a young Punjabi boy pick up to terrorism to fight the situations only to realize its temporary nature. Hu Tu Tu dealt with corruption in India and how a man decides to fight it.[15]

Gulzar uses "flashback" in the narration of his stories very effectively (Aandhi, Mausam, Ijaazat, Machis, Hu Tu Tu). He also has mutual partnerships with various actors and other crew. The Gulzar - Sanjeev Kumar partnership resulted in few fine films (Koshish, Aandhi, Mausam, Angoor, Namkeen) which represent Sanjeev Kumar's finest work as an actor.[16] Actors like Jeetendra (Parichay, Khushboo, Kinara), Vinod Khanna (Achanak, Meera, Lekin) and Hema Malini (Khushboo, Kinara, Meera) worked with Gulzar to gain respectability as artists and delivered some of their best and most introspective work in films.[16] With his situational lyrics and quality music composed by various famous Bollywood musicians in Gulzar's films, his songs have always been the key point. R D Burman composed songs for almost all the movies directed by him in the 1970s and the 1980s (Parichay, Khushboo, Aandhi, Angoor, Ijaazat, Libaas). Many of their popular songs were sung by Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle. These include "Musafir Hoon Yaron" (Parichay), "Tere Bina Zindagi Se Koi" (Aandhi), and "Mera Kuch Samaan" (Ijaazat). Gulzar says,

"Music has a natural place in our lives. Right from the shloka you recite in your morning puja and the milkman who comes whistling on his cycle, to the fakir singing as he begs for alms and your mother humming around the kitchen...Music fills our spaces naturally. It will always be dear to us." [16]

Although an Urdu writer, Gulzar's directorial venture shows inspiration from various Bengali writers. In 1988, he directed an eponymous television serial Mirza Ghalib starring Naseeruddin Shah, shown on Indian television channel Doordarshan. About the serial he says,

"...My TV serial on poet `Ghalib' was based on history, though the earlier movie version treated him as a myth."[12]

As Poet[edit | edit source]

Gulzar has vast knowledge of Urdu Poetry. He is creator of a new type of stanza named as 'Triveni'. Few examples of which are,
01-

"... ज़मीं भी उसकी,ज़मी की नेमतें उसकी,

ये सब उसी का है,घर भी,ये घर के बंदे भी,

खुदा से कहिये,कभी वो भी अपने घर आयें!"

02-

"...मां ने जिस चांद सी दुल्हन की दुआ दी थी मुझे,

आज की रात वह फ़ुटपाथ से देखा मैंने,

रात भर रोटी नज़र आया है वो चांद मुझे!"

Personal life[edit | edit source]

Gulzar is married to actress Raakhee.[9] They have a daughter, Meghna Gulzar, who is a film director.[17] Gulzar and Raakhee separated, but never divorced, when Meghna was very young.[18] Meghna has penned a biography of Gulzar titled Because He Is... that was published in 2003.[19]

In 2013, Gulzar visited his birthplace Dina, Pakistan for the first time in 70 years. He cut his visit short and returned to India for unexplained reasons.[20]

File:Gulzar explaining to Indian media persons over his Pakistan visit controversy.jpg
Gulzar explaining to Indian media persons over his Pakistan visit controversy.

Death Rumor[edit | edit source]

In november 2011, it was rumored in visual and internet media, particularly in Pakistan, that Gulzar died due to heart failure.[21]

Awards and nominations[edit | edit source]

Gulzar holds the record of winning most number of Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist (11 in total) as well as Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue (4 in total). He was also awarded the 2012 Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration.[22] In April 2013, he was appointed as the chancellor of the Assam University.[23]

Year Award Category Outcome Capacity Work Notes
1972 National Film Awards Best Screenplay Template:Won Screenplay writer Koshish
1972 Filmfare Awards Best Dialogue Template:Won Dialogue writer Anand
1974 Filmfare Awards Best Dialogue Template:Won Dialogue writer Namak Haraam
1974 Filmfare Awards Best Director Template:Nom Director Koshish Won by Yash Chopra for Daag: A Poem of Love
1974 Filmfare Awards Best Director Template:Nom Director Achanak Won by Yash Chopra for Daag: A Poem of Love
1974 Filmfare Awards Best Story Template:Nom Story writer Koshish Won by Salim-Javed for film Zanjeer
1975 National Film Awards Second Best Feature Film Template:Won Director Mausam
1975 Filmfare Awards Critics Award for Best Movie Template:Won Director Aandhi
1976 Filmfare Awards Best Director Template:Won Director Mausam
1976 Filmfare Awards Best Director Template:Nom Director Aandhi Won by Yash Chopra for Deewar
1976 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Nom Lyricist "Tere Bina Zindagi Se" from film Aandhi Won by Indeevar for "Dil Aisa Kisi" from film Amanush
1977 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Nom Lyricist "Dil Dhoondta Hai" from film Mausam Won by Sahir Ludhianvi for "Kabhi Kabhie Mere Dil Mein" from film Kabhi Kabhie
1978 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Won Lyricist "Do Deewaane Shehar Mein" from film Gharaonda
1978 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Nom Lyricist "Naam Gum Jaayega" from film Kinara Won by himself for "Do Deewaane Sheher Mein" from film Gharaonda
1978 Filmfare Awards Best Director Template:Nom Director Kinara Won by Basu Chatterjee for Swami
1980 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Won Lyricist "Aanewala Pal Jaane Wala Hain" from film Gol Maal
1981 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Won Lyricist "Hazaar Raahen Mud Ke Dekhi" from film Thodisi Bewafaii
1982 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Nom Lyricist "Jahaan Pe Savera" from film Baseraa Won by Anand Bakshi for "Tere Mere Beech Mein" from film Ek Duuje Ke Liye
1984 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Won Lyricist "Tujhse Naraaz Nahin Zindagi" from film Masoom
1988 National Film Awards Best Lyrics Template:Won Lyricist "Mera Kuchh Saamaan" from film Ijaazat
1989 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Won Lyricist "Mera Kuchh Saamaan" from film Ijaazat
1990 Filmfare Awards Best Documentary Template:Won Director Ustad Amjad Ali Khan [24]
1991 National Film Awards Best Lyrics Template:Won Lyricist "Yaara Silli Silli" from film Lekin...
1992 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Won Lyricist "Yaara Silli Silli" from film Lekin...
1994 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Nom Lyricist "Dil Hum Hum" from film Rudaali Won by Sameer for "Ghungat Ke Aad Se" from Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke
1996 National Film Awards Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment Template:Won Director Maachis
1996 Filmfare Awards Best Dialogue Template:Won Dialogue writer Maachis
1996 Filmfare Awards Best Story Template:Won Story writer Maachis
1997 Filmfare Awards Best Director Template:Nom Director Maachis Won by Shekhar Kapoor for Bandit Queen
1997 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Nom Lyricist "Chappa Chappa Charkha Chale" from film Maachis Won by Javed Akhtar for "Ghar Se Nikalte" from Papa Kehte Hai
1999 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Won Lyricist "Chaiyya Chaiyya" from film Dil Se..
1999 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Nom Lyricist "Ae Ajnabi" from film Dil Se.. Won by himself for "Chaiyya Chaiyya" from film Dil Se..
2001 Indian Institute of Adv. Studies Lifetime Honorary Fellowship Template:Won  – --
2001 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Nom Lyricist "Aaja Mahiya" from film Fiza Won by Javed Akhtar for "Panchchi Nadiyaan" from Refugee
2002 Sahitya Akademi Award Template:Won Writer "Dhuan" ("Smoke"); short stories in Urdu[25]
2002 Filmfare Awards Lifetime Achievement Award Template:Won  – --
2002 Filmfare Awards Best Dialogue Template:Won Dialogue writer Saathiya
2003 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Won Lyricist "Saathiya" from film Saathiya
2004 Padma Bhushan Template:Won  – -- India's third highest civilian award
2006 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Won Lyricist "Kajra Re" from film Bunty Aur Babli
2006 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Nom Lyricist "Chup Chup Ke" from film Bunty Aur Babli Won by himself for "Kajra Re" from film Bunty Aur Babli
2006 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Nom Lyricist "Dheere Jalna" from film Paheli Won by himself for "Kajra Re" from film Bunty Aur Babli
2007 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Nom Lyricist "Beedi" from film Omkara Won by Prasoon Joshi for "Chand Sifarish" from Fanaa
2008 Academy Awards Best Original Song Template:Won Lyricist "Jai Ho" from film Slumdog Millionaire Shared with Music Director A. R. Rahman
2008 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Nom Lyricist "Tere Bina" from film Guru Won by Prasoon Joshi for "Maa" from Taare Zameen Par
2009 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Nom Lyricist "Tu Meri Dost Hai" from film Yuvvraaj Won by Javed Akhtar for "Jashn-E-Bahara" from Jodhaa Akbar
2010 Grammy Awards Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media Template:Won Lyricist "Jai Ho" from film Slumdog Millionaire Shared with Music Director A. R. Rahman and Playback Singer Tanvi Shah
2010 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Nom Lyricist "Dhan Te Nan" from film Kaminey Won by Irshad Kamil for "Aaj Din Chadheya" from Love Aaj Kal
2010 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Nom Lyricist "Kaminey" from film Kaminey Won by Irshad Kamil for "Aaj Din Chadheya" from Love Aaj Kal
2011 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Won Lyricist "Dil To Bachcha Hain Ji" from film Ishqiya
2013 Filmfare Awards Best Lyricist Template:Won Lyricist "Challa" from film Jab Tak Hai Jaan

Filmography[edit | edit source]

Year Title Lyricist Dialogue Screenplay Story Director Producer Notes
Films
2013 Shoebite Template:Yes
2013 Milte Hain Template:Yes
2013 Ek Thi Daayan Template:Yes
2013 Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola Template:Yes
2012 Kya Dilli Kya Lahore Template:Yes
2012 Happi / SRK (Hindi dubbed version) Template:Yes
2012 Do Paise Ki Dhoop, Chaar Aane Ki Baarish Template:Yes
2012 Jab Tak Hai Jaan Template:Yes
2011 Chala Mussaddi... Office Office Template:Yes
2011 Teen Thay Bhai Template:Yes
2011 Noukadubi / Kashmakash (Hindi dubbed version) Template:Yes
2011 7 Khoon Maaf Template:Yes
2010 Raavan Template:Yes
2010 Striker Template:Yes Lyricist for song "Yun Hua"
2010 Ishqiya Template:Yes
2010 Veer Template:Yes
2010 Raajneeti Template:Yes Lyricist for song "Dhan Dhan Dharti"
2010 Dus Tola Template:Yes
2009 Kaminey Template:Yes
2009 Firaaq Template:Yes
2009 Billu Template:Yes
2008 Slumdog Millionaire Template:Yes
2008 Yuvvraaj Template:Yes
2007 Dum Kaata Template:Yes
2007 No Smoking Template:Yes
Shafaq Template:Yes
2007 Just Married Template:Yes
2007 Jhoom Barabar Jhoom Template:Yes
2007 Guru Template:Yes
2007 The Blue Umbrella Template:Yes
2007 Dus Kahaniyaan Template:Yes Story Pooranmashi written by Gulzar
2006 Jaan-E-Mann Template:Yes
2006 Sabab* Template:Yes
2006 Omkara Template:Yes
2005 Yahaan Template:Yes
2005 Paheli Template:Yes
2005 Bunty Aur Babli Template:Yes
2004 Raincoat Template:Yes
2004 Chupke Se Template:Yes
2004 Maqbool Template:Yes
2003 Pinjar Template:Yes
2002 Saathiya Template:Yes Template:Yes
2002 Makdee Template:Yes
2002 Dil Vil Pyar Vyar Template:Yes
2002 Lal Salam Template:Yes
2002 Leela Template:Yes
2002 Filhaal... Template:Yes
2001 Asoka Template:Yes
2001 Aks Template:Yes
2000 Fiza Template:Yes
2000 Zindagi Zindabad Template:Yes
1999 Khubsoorat Template:Yes
1999 Hu Tu Tu Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1999 Jahan Tum Le Chalo Template:Yes
1999 Rockford Template:Yes Lyricist for song "Aasmanke Paar Shayad"
1998 Dil Se.. Template:Yes
1998 Satya Template:Yes
1998 Chachi 420 Template:Yes Template:Yes
1997 Aastha: In the Prison of Spring Template:Yes
1997 Daayraa Template:Yes
1996 Maachis Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1994 Mammo Template:Yes
1993 Rudaali Template:Yes
1993 Maya Memsaab Template:Yes
1990 Lekin... Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1988 Libaas Template:Yes Template:Yes
1987 Ijaazat Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1986 Ek Pal Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1986 New Delhi Times Template:Yes
1986 Jeeva Template:Yes
1985 Ghulami Template:Yes
1985 Ek Akar Template:Yes Template:Yes
1984 Aika Template:Yes Template:Yes
1984 Suniye Template:Yes Template:Yes
1984 Sitam Template:Yes
Tarang Template:Yes
1983 Masoom Template:Yes Template:Yes
1983 Sadma Template:Yes
1982 Angoor Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1982 Namkeen Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1981 Naram Garam Template:Yes
1981 Baseraa Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1981 Sannata Template:Yes
1980 Sitara Template:Yes
1980 Khubsoorat Template:Yes
1980 Sahira Template:Yes Template:Yes
1980 Chatran Template:Yes Template:Yes
Swayamvara Template:Yes
1979 Griha Pravesh Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1979 Gol Maal Template:Yes
1979 Meera Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1978 Thodisi Bewafaii Template:Yes
Ratnadeep Template:Yes
1978 Ghar Template:Yes
1978 Devata Template:Yes
1978 Khatta Meetha Template:Yes
1977 Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein Template:Yes Template:Yes
1977 Gharaonda Template:Yes
1977 Kinara Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1977 Kitaab Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1976 Shaque Template:Yes
1975 Aandhi Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1975 Khushboo Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1975 Mausam Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1975 Chupke Chupke Template:Yes Template:Yes
1975 Faraar Template:Yes
1974 Doosri Sita Template:Yes
1973 Namak Haraam Template:Yes Template:Yes
1972 Achanak Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1972 Parichay Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1972 Koshish Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1972 Bawarchi Template:Yes
1971 Anubhav Template:Yes
1971 Guddi Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1971 Mere Apne Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1971 Seema Template:Yes
1971 Anand Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1969 Khamoshi Template:Yes Template:Yes
Rahgir Template:Yes
1968 Aashirwad Template:Yes Template:Yes
1968 Sunghursh Template:Yes
Do Dooni Chaar Template:Yes
Biwi Aur Makaan Template:Yes
Purnima Template:Yes
1963 Bandini Template:Yes Lyricist for "Mora Gora Aang"
Prem Patra Template:Yes
1957 Kabuliwala Template:Yes
Shriman Satyawadi Template:Yes
Swami Vivekananda Template:Yes
Other works
1989 The Jungle Book Template:Yes Title track of the anime series
1987 Dil Padosi Hai Template:Yes Music album with Asha Bhosle and Rahul Dev Burman
Sunset Point Template:Yes Music album with Vishal Bhardwaj, Bhupinder and K. S. Chithra
Vadaa Template:Yes Music album with Amjad Ali Khan, Sadhana Sargam & Roop Kumar Rathod
Ishqa Ishqa Template:Yes Music album with Vishal Bhardwaj
Main Aur Mera Saaya Template:Yes Music album with Bhupen Hazarika
Udaas Pani Template:Yes Music album with Abhishek Ray
Visaal Template:Yes Music album with Ghulam Ali
Koi Baat Chale Template:Yes Music album with Jagjit Singh; songs written in Triveni
Marasim Template:Yes Music album with Jagjit Singh
Raat Chand Aur Main Template:Yes Music album with Abhishek Ray
Amrita Pritam Template:Yes Recited in tribute to Amrita Pritam
Kabir By Abida Parween Template:Yes Recited
Boodhe Pahadon Par Template:Yes Music album with Suresh Wadkar & Vishal Bhardwaj
Barse Barse Template:Yes Music album with Suresh Wadkar & Vishal Bhardwaj; Lyricist for songs "Aisa To Hota" and "Zindagi Sehle".

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

Audiobooks[edit | edit source]

Biographies[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

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External links[edit | edit source]

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